Gendarmerie in the Habsburg Empire: legal framework, organizational structure, activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35774/app2021.03.052Keywords:
law enforcement agencies, gendarmerie, reorganization, Western Ukrainian lands, Galicia, Austrian, Austro-Hungarian empiresAbstract
The purpose of the study is to analyze the organizational and legal aspects of the formation, reorganization, regulatory and legal support, and activities of the institute of gendarmes of the Habsburg dynasty, including in western Ukraine in the period of ser. XIX - early XX century.
In the first quarter of the XIX century the process of organizational form of the military police, which became the prototype of the future gendarmerie, was actively underway. By establishing the institution of the gendarmerie, the government circles of the Austrian Empire sought to quickly find new, effective forms of public order and political stability in the state.
The powers of the gendarmerie included the task of maintaining public order and ensuring state security, and during the war - the functions of the military police at headquarters of various levels.
On the territory of Ukrainian lands, the gendarmerie had regional administrations - in Lviv for Galicia and Chernivtsi for Bukovina.
The stages of reforming and regulatory support of gendarmerie structures, requirements for candidates, social guarantees are analyzed.
It is proved that the legal institute of the gendarmerie was the result of a synthesis of law enforcement functions, military-type service organization, and political tasks. Legislative enforcement of reliable guarantees for the performance of gendarmes, high salaries, and social security, allowed to form a highly professional staff, and this allowed the gendarmes to provide a reliable mechanism for protecting law and order and the existing political system.
References
Istoriia pravookhoronnykh orhaniv Ukrainy [History of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine] (2021): Pidruchnyk / S. V. Banakh, A. V. Hrubinko, V. V. Savenko, V. Z. Ukhach. Ternopil: ZUNU [in Ukrainian].
Zakrevskyi, A. Ye. (2011). Pravovyi status spetsializovanykh pidrozdiliv politsii u Halychyni v skladi Avstrii ta Avstro-Uhorshchyny (1772–1918 rr.) [Legal status of specialized police units in Galicia as part of Austria and Austria-Hungary (1772-1918)]. Forum prava – Law Forum, 4, 272-276 [in Ukrainian].
Zakrevskyi, A. Ye. (2011). Pravovyi status pratsivnykiv orhaniv zhandarmerii u Halychyni, shcho vkhodyla do skladu Avstrii ta Avstro-Uhorshchyny (1849 – 1918 rr.) [Legal status of employees of the gendarmerie in Galicia, which was part of Austria and Austria-Hungary (1849 – 1918)]. Chasopys Kyivskoho universytetu – Journal of Kyiv University, 1, 52 [in Ukrainian].
Lozynskyi, A. F. (2016). Zhandarmeriia – yak riznovyd viiskovoi politsii v Avstro-Uhorshchyni [Gendarmerie as a kind of military police in Austria-Hungary]. Kruhlyi stil «Psykholohichni konstrukty pozytsiiuvannia politsii sered naselennia». Lvivskyi derzhavnyi universytet vnutrishnikh sprav, 24 lystopada 2016 r. Lviv: LDUVS [in Ukrainian].
Lozynskyi, A. (2017). Pidrozdily viiskovoi politsii Avstro-Uhorskoi imperii [Units of the military police of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Scientific notebooks of the historical faculty of Lviv University]. Naukovi zoshyty istorychnoho fakultetu Lvivskoho universytetu – Scientific Bulletion of Historical Faculty of Lviv Univercity, 18, 25 [in Ukrainian].
Lozynskyi, A. (2006). Voienizovani orhanizatsii Avstro-Uhorshchyny [Paramilitary organizations of Austria-Hungary]. Aktualni problemy reformuvannia derzhavnoho upravlinnia v Ukraini: Mat-ly mizhnar. nauk.-prakt. konf. Lvivskoho rehionalnoho instytutu derzhavnoho upravlinnia Natsionalnoi akademii derzhavnoho upravlinnia pry Prezydentovi Ukrainy. Lviv: LRIDU NADU, 191-195 [in Ukrainian].
Ukhach, V. Z. (2020). Istoriia derzhavy i prava Ukrainy [History of the state and law of Ukraine] : Navchalnyi posibnyk (konspekty lektsii). Ternopil: Vektor [in Ukrainian].
